Abstract
This paper explores the environment in which the first printed works were created in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. During the industrial revolution in Britain, the Empire was engaged in a global race of expansion against European counterparts. On their arrival in Aotearoa/New Zealand in the early part of the 1800s, some missionaries sought to learn the language and understand common phrases, and then to prepare educational texts and to print scripture. In order to create notices, dictionary, grammar, religious pamphlets and books it was necessary to create a new written language in Te Reo Māori. In all such cases, European contact with indigenous populations had long lasting effects, and in a few cases those effects provided the foundation for cultural survival. The events of the early formative period of the interactions between Māori and the missionaries and symbols of such events is also discussed through a series of visual narratives made with screenprints on paper by the authors.
References
Alphabet written by Hongi Hika on board the Active, 1814 MS-0054/068 (n.d.). held in Hocken Collections, Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. URL: https://library.shop.otago.ac.nz/ prints- posters- cards/sample- of- handwriting- by- hongi- hika- on- board-the-active.html.
Archey, G (1977). Whaowhia : Māori art and its artists. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins, p. 74.
Ashworth, E (1844). Hemioramic view of the north part of the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. The greatest elevation shows the remains of Rangihoua (deserted) the first footing of Missionaries. Ref: E-042- 036/037. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. / records/22745930.
Bagnall, A. G., Petersen, G. C., & St. George, I. (2012). William
Colenso : printer, missionary, botanist, explorer, politician : his life and journeys. Otago University Press.
Ballantyne, T (2014). Entanglements of empire: Missionaries, Māori, and the question of the body. Durham: Duke University Press.
Binney, J (2005). The Legacy of Guilt. A life of Thomas Kendall. Wellington, New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books.
Blundell, S (Feb. 2017). Samuel Marsden: Fanatical flogger or founding father? URL: https : / / www . noted . co . nz / currently / currently – history/samuel-marsden-fanatical-flogger-or-founding- father.
Curnow, J., Hopa, N. K. and McRae, J. (2006). He pitopito kōrero nōte perehi Māori = Readings from the Māori-language press. Auckland, NZ. Auckland University Press
Elder, J (1932). The letters and journals of Samuel Marsden 1765–1838. Dunedin: AH Reed.
Ellis, N (2014). “Ki tō ringa ki ngā rākau ā te Pākehā? Drawings and signatures of moko by Māori in the early 19th century”. In: Journal of the Polynesian Society 123.1, pp. 29–66.
Higgins, R. (May 2011). “Tangihanga — death customs. Traditional preparations for tangihanga”. In: Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. URL: http:// www.TeAra.govt.nz/ en/tangihanga-death-customs/page-3 (visited on 08/02/2019).
Jones, A. and K. Jenkins (2016). “Bicentenary 2016: The First New Zealand School”. In: New Zealand Journal Of Educational Studies 51.1. DOI: doi:10.1007/ s40841-015-0026-8.
Jones, A. and K. Jenkins (2017). Tuai. A traveller in two worlds. Wellington, N.Z.: Bridget Williams Books.
Keenan, D. (Feb. 2017). “New Zealand wars”. In: Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington: Manatū Taonga, Ministry for Culture and Heritage. URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/new-zealand- wars.
Kendall, T (1814). “Letter to Reverend Josiah Pratt; 15 June, 1814”. In: Marsden Online Archive. Otago University. URL: http://www. marsdenarchive. otago.ac.nz/MS_0054_043.
Kendall, T (1815). A Korao no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander’s first book being an attempt to compose some lessons for the instruction of the natives. Sydney: G Howe.
Kendall, T (1820). Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand. London: Church Missionary Society.
Klauber, S (1773). “Oorlogs-Praauw van Nieuw-Zeeland”. In: Hawkesworth’s Voyages. Vol. 3. pl. 16. Ref: A-293-001, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/2302864: Leyden, Honkoop.
Lineham, P. J. (Aug. 2018). “Missions and missionaries; Māori converts”. In: Te Ara, the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington: Manatū Taonga, Ministry for Culture and Heritage. URL: http:// www . TeAra. govt. nz/ en/ missions-and-missionaries/page-5 (visited on 08/04/2019).
Litchfield, AT (2005). “Modelling tribal genealogies for information systems design and development”. Master’s Thesis. Auckland University of Technology.
MacDougall, D (1899). The Conversion of the Māori. Philadelphia, USA: Trustees of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabrath-school work.
Macmillian, F (1969). The Spread of Printing. Eastern Hemisphere New Zealand. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Māori cloak, korowai; flax, wool; 1150 mm x 1230 mm. 1886.1.1127 (1886). Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
Marion du Fresne arrives in Bay of Islands (May 2018). Ministry for Culture and Heritage. URL: https:// nzhistory. govt. nz/ marion- du- fresne-arrives-in-the-bay-of-islands (visited on 08/01/2019). McKay, R.A., ed. (1940). A history of Printing in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Wellington Club of Printing House Craftsmen.
Moon, P (2014). The voyagers: remarkable European explorations of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin.
Moon, P (2015). “Entering the Periphery. Reassessing British involvement in New Zealand in the1820s in the context of Wallerstein’s Theory of a World-system”. In: New Zealand Journal of History 49.2, pp. 81–109.
Nicholas, J. L. (1817). Narrative of a voyage to New Zealand, performed in the years 1814 and 1815, in company with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Principal Chaplain of New South Wales: in two volumes. 2. London: James Black and Son.
Osborne, J (July 2007). Brown Bess Muskets in New Zealand, used by Māori, Military, Police and Settlers. Internet web site. Osborne Arms Museum. URL: https://www.ruapekapeka.co.nz/sites/default/files/ documents/brown-bess-muskets.pdf.
Parkinson, P G (2003). “Our infant state: the Māori language, the mission presses, the British Crown and the Māori, 1814–1838”. PhD thesis. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University.
Parkinson, P G (2016). “The Māori Grammars and Vocabularies of Thomas Kendall and John Gare Butler”. Australian National University; Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Canberra, Australia.
Plato (360). The Allegory of the Cave, Republic, VII 514 a, 2 to 517 a, 7. Trans. by Thomas Sheehan. Stanford. URL: https://web.stanford.edu/ class/ihum40/cave.pdf (visited on 08/15/2019).
Reade, W. W. (1865). “Efforts of Missionaries among Savages”. In: Journal of the Anthropological Society of London 3, pp. clxiii–clxxxiii.
URL: http://www. jstor.org/stable/3025323.
Reilly, M.P.J.(2011) Maori Studies, Past and Present: A Review. In: The Contemporary Pacific, 23
Rumbles, W (2011). “Spectre of Jurisdiction: Supreme Court of New South Wales and the British Subject in Aotearoa/New Zealand 1823– 1841”. In: Law Text Culture 15.
Salmond, A. (2017). Tears of Rangi: experiments across worlds. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
Waka Huia — Huia, Heteralocha acutirostris (n.d.). collected no data, New Zealand. Acquisition history unknown. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 — held in Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand. URL: https : / / collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/533938.
Waka Huia, 59.5 cm, top and side (1866). Sir George Grey collection 216 in the year 1866. held in the Auckland Museum 25203.
Warren, G. (2017). “A korao no New Zealand”. In: AM Collections Online. Auckland War Memorial Museum – Tāmaki Paenga Hira. URL: www. aucklandmuseum. com/discover/collections/topics/a-korao-no-new- zealand.
Wood, J.G (1877). The Uncivilized Races of Men. Vol. II. Hartford: H B Burr Publishing Co., p. 841. URL: http://archive.org/details/ uncivilizedraces02wood
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Alan Te Morenga Litchfield, Karol Wilczynska